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Émile Armand (pseudonym of Ernest-Lucien Juin Armand; 26 March 1872 – 19 February 1963) was an influential French individualist anarchist at the beginning of the 20th century〔Woodcock identifies him as the leading french individualist anarchist around the time of World War I (pg. 324). George Woodcock. ''Anarchism: a history of libertarian ideas''. pg 324〕〔"...probably, the individualist who unfolds in the most detailed form stirnerist ideas and who has the capacity of having a specific domination, above all between the two world wars, in the milieu of individualist discourse." Xavier Diez. ''El anarquismo individualista en España (1923–1939)''. Virus Editorial. Barcelona. 2007〕 and also a dedicated free love/polyamory, intentional community, and pacifist/antimilitarist writer, propagandist and activist. He wrote for and edited the anarchist publications ''L’Ère nouvelle'' (1901–1911), ''L’Anarchie'', ''L'EnDehors'' (1922–1939) and ''L’Unique'' (1945–1953).〔Xavier Diez. ''El anarquismo individualista en España (1923–1939)''. Virus Editorial. Barcelona. 2007〕 == Life and activism == Armand was born in Paris on March 26, 1872. He was a son of a participant of the Paris Commune. At first, he embraced Christianity. Around 1895–1896, Armand discovered anarchism through coming into contact with the magazine ''Les Temps nouveaux'' which was edited by Jean Grave. Later, he wrote articles under the pseudonyms of Junius and in the magazine ''Le Libertaire'' de Sébastien Faure. Important influences in his writing were Leo Tolstoy, Benjamin Tucker, Walt Whitman and Ralph Waldo Emerson. Armand later collaborated in other anarchist and pacifist journals such as ''La Misère'', ''L'Universel'' and ''Le Cri de révolte''. In 1901, he established with Marie Kugel (his companion until 1906) the journal ''L'Ère nouvelle'', which initially adhered to Christian anarchism,〔http://www.la-presse-anarchiste.net/spip.php?rubrique6 ''L'Ère nouvelle'' (1901–1911)〕 later embraced anarcho-communism and in 1911 finally adhered to individualist anarchism. He founded ''Ligue antimilitariste'' in 1902 with Albert Libertad and George Mathias Paraf-Javal, another intransigent individualist. These principles he sought to apply within the social experimental spaces, events and communes that anarchist groups in the France of the time called ''milieux libres''. From 1902 on, Armand wrote ''Causeries populaires'' and started a publishing and writing partnership with the important individualist anarchist Albert Libertad. In 1905, he started collaborating in the journal ''L'Anarchie''. The anarchist, pacifist, and antimilitarist activism of Armand had him imprisoned many times around this period. In 1908 he published the book ''Qu'est-ce qu'un anarchiste''. In 1911 he married Denise Rougeault who helped him financially and with this he was able to concentrate on his activism. From 1922 on he published the magazine ''L'EnDehors'' which lasted around 17 years. At the same time he wrote ''Poésies composées en prison'', ''l'Initiation individualiste anarchiste'' (1923) and ''La révolution sexuelle et la camaraderie amoureuse'' (1934). In 1931 he published "Ways of communal life without state and authority. Economic and sexual experiences through history"〔("Émile Armand" in Ateneo Virutal de Alasbarricadas.org )〕 in which he presented intentional communities anarchist and non-anarchist from different times. In it he argued that these experiments were ways of resistance and propaganda by the deed of the possibility of living differently according to affinity groups will.〔 In this way he revitalized utopian socialist thought and practice of thinkers such as Robert Owen and especially Charles Fourier with whom he could also connect with his viewpoints on free love and freedom of personal exploration.〔 By then, his thought had an important influence in the Spanish anarchist movements through the help of Spanish individualist anarchists activists such as José Elizalde (his main translator into Spanish) and his group "Sol y Vida" and the individualist anarchist press such as ''La Revista Blanca'', ''Ética'' and ''Iniciales'' from Barcelona. ''Iniciales'' especially had a specific strong influence by Armand's thought.〔(" Voluntary non-submission. Spanish individualist anarchism during dictatorship and the second republic (1923–1938) by Xavier Diez )〕 On the debate within anarchist circles he defended the Ido constructed language over Esperanto with the help of José Elizalde. He also maintained a fluid contact with important individualist anarchists of the time such as the American Benjamin Tucker and the French Han Ryner.〔 He also contributed in a few articles in Sebastien Faure´s ''Anarchist encyclopedia''〔 and specifically he wrote the article on the encyclopedia on individualist anarchism. French individualist anarchists grouped behind Armand and published ''L'Unique'' during and after World War II. ''L'Unique'' went from 1945 to 1956 with a total of 110 numbers.〔(Émile Armand in A las barricadas.com )〕 Armand was an atheist.〔Declares himself as an atheist and an enemy of every irreconcilable monotheist and polytheist conceptions. Source: "Mi Ateísmo" El anarquismo individualista. Lo que es, puede y vale.〕 He died on February 19, 1963, in Rouen.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Émile Armand」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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